Ecosystem Targets and Supporting Indicators
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Meeting this target requires an average reduction in the effective impervious cover of 0.4 percent per year from 2010-2035. Based on a survey of land use, impervious cover in the Long Island Sound Watershed in Connecticut and New York increased by .3 percent instead of decreasing.
From 1985 to 2015, impervious cover in both states increased a combined 10 percent, from 434.2 to 480.1 square miles. During that period, Connecticut experienced a 12.39 percent increase, while New York experienced a 2.41 percent increase. University of Connecticut’s Center for Land Use Education and Research (CLEAR) is currently analyzing satellite land-use imagery from 2015 to add to the dataset.
Connecticut has less impervious surface and more vegetated land in comparison to the Long Island Sound watershed in New York. Based on 2010 data, 7.4 percent of Connecticut land consists of impervious surfaces compared to 17.63 percent in New York.
The total area of land in Connecticut that lies in the Long Island Sound watershed is 5,150 square miles. In New York, the total area that lies in the Long Island Sound watershed is 478 square miles.
Many Long Island Sound communities are encouraging green infrastructure projects, but there is no adequate system yet to track their impact on reducing impervious cover in the Long Island Sound watershed (see challenges).
Municipalities will need to work with property owners and their own public works departments to encourage green infrastructure projects that will most effectively reduce the impact of impervious surfaces. Municipalities also will need to keep track of these projects as well as to conduct site visits to identify existing developments where stormwater is directed to the ground for infiltration and treatment instead of draining directly on hard surfaces to storm drains and streams.
Impervious cover is tracked about every five years using satellite imagery with a 30 meter (approximately 100 feet ) resolution.
The analysis is based on CLEAR’s land use dataset. (http://clear.uconn.edu/publications/research/Statewide_riparian_final.pdf) (Wilson and Arnold 2008) The study area is defined by the TMDL, and the study area boundary can be found here: http://longislandsoundstudy.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/LISSHabMap02.pdf.
The degree of impervious cover, particularly near water bodies, has been shown to be associated with degradation of water quality in rivers and streams.
Rainfall carries pollutants from these hard surfaces to storm drains and tributaries of rivers that flow into Long Island Sound.
Green infrastructure and low impact development such as green roofs and permeable parking lots can filter and treat pollutants from stormwater runoff before the water drains carried into storm sewers and tributaries, effectively reducing the impact of impervious cover. Stormwater disconnections involve directing stormwater into the ground instead of a hard surface leading to a storm drain, such as when a roof drain pipe is directed to grass instead of a driveway.
Based on hundreds of studies, the Center for Watershed Protection has developed a general watershed planning model that uses percent watershed impervious cover (IC) to predict various stream quality indicators.
The model predicts expected stream quality declines when watershed impervious cover exceeds 10 percent and severe degradation beyond 25 percent impervious cover. These thresholds can be characterized as good, fair, or poor. In Long Island Sound, a majority of the Sound’s 194 small drainage basins (about 71%) are predicted to have streams with good water quality because they contain less than 10 percent impervious cover. About 27 percent of basins are predicted to show signs of stream degradation because they exceed the 10 percent threshold. About two percent of basins show signs of severe degradation because they exceed the 25 percent impervious cover threshold. The basins with the most impervious cover (and predicted poor stream quality) are in the urbanized areas of the Western Sound in New York City, Nassau County, and Westchester County. While the Western Sound has more impervious surfaces, communities in central and eastern Connecticut and eastern Long Island are adding impervious surfaces at a higher rate than the rest of the region from 1985 to 2010. During that period, five basins exceeded the 10 percent threshold suggesting that their streams are beginning to see signs of degradation. These basins are Freshwater Brook and Upper Mattabesset River basins, both part of the Connecticut River major drainage basin, Fenger Brook in the Southeast Connecticut Coast drainage basin, Byram River in the Southwest Connecticut Coast drainage basin, and a small island off of New York City.
Robert Burg, New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commissionrburg@longislandsoundstudy.net
UConn CLEAR
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