A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
agricultural pollution
The liquid and solid wastes from farming, including: runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers; erosion and dust from plowing; animal manure and carcasses; crop residues, and debris. Source: http://www.hanford.gov/dqo/glossaries/EPA_GlossaryRev1.html
The liquid and solid wastes from farming, including: runoff and leaching of pesticides and fertilizers; erosion and dust from plowing; animal manure and carcasses; crop residues, and debris.
Source: http://www.hanford.gov/dqo/glossaries/EPA_GlossaryRev1.html
agricultural runoff
Surface water leaving farm fields because of excessive precipitation, irrigation, or snowmelt. Agricultural runoff is grouped into the category of nonpoint-source pollution because the potential pollutants originate over large areas and the point of entry into water bodies cannot be precisely identified. Source: http://www.forester.net/sw_0305_impact.html
Surface water leaving farm fields because of excessive precipitation, irrigation, or snowmelt. Agricultural runoff is grouped into the category of nonpoint-source pollution because the potential pollutants originate over large areas and the point of entry into water bodies cannot be precisely identified.
Source: http://www.forester.net/sw_0305_impact.html
ammonium
The primary form of nitrogen applied in fertilizers. The ion NH4 derived from ammonia. Behaves in many respects like an alkali metal ion. Source: http://www.landwise.ca/Nutrient/Glossary.htm; http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=ammonium
The primary form of nitrogen applied in fertilizers. The ion NH4 derived from ammonia. Behaves in many respects like an alkali metal ion.
Source: http://www.landwise.ca/Nutrient/Glossary.htm; http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=ammonium
antecedent
The conditions occurring before a particular hydrologic event. For example, antecedent soil moisture conditions prior to a rainfall event will have an influence on infiltration rates. Source: http://www.agwt.org/info/A_Terms.asp
The conditions occurring before a particular hydrologic event. For example, antecedent soil moisture conditions prior to a rainfall event will have an influence on infiltration rates.
Source: http://www.agwt.org/info/A_Terms.asp
aquatic
Living in the water. Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/glossary.html
Living in the water.
Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/glossary.html
aquatic habitat
Habitat with water. Includes areas that are permanently covered by water and surrounding areas that are occasionally covered by water. Source: http://coastgis.marsci.uga.edu/summit/k12aquatic.htm
Habitat with water. Includes areas that are permanently covered by water and surrounding areas that are occasionally covered by water.
Source: http://coastgis.marsci.uga.edu/summit/k12aquatic.htm
attenuation
For water velocity: the slowing, modification, or diversion of the flow of water as with detention and retention ponds. For water quality: the process of diminishing contaminant concentrations in water due to filtration, biodegradation, dilution, sorption, volatilization, and other processes. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 276
For water velocity: the slowing, modification, or diversion of the flow of water as with detention and retention ponds. For water quality: the process of diminishing contaminant concentrations in water due to filtration, biodegradation, dilution, sorption, volatilization, and other processes.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 276
attenuation rate
Rate at which the process slows down or concentration decrease.
top
bank protection
A method of erosion control in which materials (usually rock revetment) are placed along the banks of a river in order to prevent encroachment on adjacent land. Source: http://buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
A method of erosion control in which materials (usually rock revetment) are placed along the banks of a river in order to prevent encroachment on adjacent land.
Source: http://buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
bank stabilization
The prevention of channel migration through bank protection. Source: http://buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
The prevention of channel migration through bank protection.
bankfull event (bankfull discharge)
A flow condition in which streamflow completely fills the steam channel up to the top of the bank. In undisturbed watersheds, the discharge condition occurs on average every 1.5 to 2 years and controls the shape and form of natural channels. Source: Schueler, 1987; http://www.epa.gov/nps/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
A flow condition in which streamflow completely fills the steam channel up to the top of the bank. In undisturbed watersheds, the discharge condition occurs on average every 1.5 to 2 years and controls the shape and form of natural channels.
Source: Schueler, 1987; http://www.epa.gov/nps/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
bankfull flow
Maximum amount of discharge (usually measured in cubic feet/second) that a stream channel can carry without overflowing. Source: http://www.riverwarren.com/page.asp?page=glossary
Maximum amount of discharge (usually measured in cubic feet/second) that a stream channel can carry without overflowing.
Source: http://www.riverwarren.com/page.asp?page=glossary
bankfull stage
Water height at bankfull discharge. Source: http://www.riverwarren.com/page.asp?page=glossary
Water height at bankfull discharge.
baseflow
That portion of stream discharge derived from groundwater. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 542
That portion of stream discharge derived from groundwater.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 542
baseflow index
Usually the streamflow volume that occurs during the fall or early winter, e.g., October-December, November-January. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 459
Usually the streamflow volume that occurs during the fall or early winter, e.g., October-December, November-January.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 459
benthic
Associated with the sea bottom. Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter5/ch5-3.html
Associated with the sea bottom.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter5/ch5-3.html
benthic macro invertebrates
An animal lacking a backbone or internal skeleton which lives on or near the bottom of a body of water (for example, crayfish, mayflies, and nymphs). Because they spend their entire life cycle in water, they are good indicators of the health of that waterbody. Source: http://www.ci.tuscaloosa.al.us/tusc%20web/htm/glossary.htm
An animal lacking a backbone or internal skeleton which lives on or near the bottom of a body of water (for example, crayfish, mayflies, and nymphs). Because they spend their entire life cycle in water, they are good indicators of the health of that waterbody.
Source: http://www.ci.tuscaloosa.al.us/tusc%20web/htm/glossary.htm
benthic organism (benthos)
A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake or ocean. Source: http://www.hanford.gov/dqo/glossarie/ EPA_GlossaryRev1.html
A form of aquatic plant or animal life that is found on or near the bottom of a stream, lake or ocean.
Source: http://www.hanford.gov/dqo/glossarie/ EPA_GlossaryRev1.html
berm
An earthen mound used to direct the flow of runoff around or through a best management practice (BMP). Source: Schueler, 1987; http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
An earthen mound used to direct the flow of runoff around or through a best management practice (BMP).
Source: Schueler, 1987; http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
best management practices (BMP)
A method that has been determined to be the most effective, practical means of preventing or reducing pollution from non-point sources. Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters”, October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005; http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf
A method that has been determined to be the most effective, practical means of preventing or reducing pollution from non-point sources.
Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters”, October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005; http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf
biodiversity
A measure of the variety of the Earth’s species, of the genetic differences within species, and of the ecosystems that support those species. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 278
A measure of the variety of the Earth’s species, of the genetic differences within species, and of the ecosystems that support those species.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 278
bioretention
A vegetated depression located on a site that is designed to collect, store and infiltrate runoff. Typically includes a mix of amended soils and vegetation. Source: http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/LID_studies/glossary.htm
A vegetated depression located on a site that is designed to collect, store and infiltrate runoff. Typically includes a mix of amended soils and vegetation.
Source: http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/LID_studies/glossary.htm
buffers
Land adjoining and immediately adjacent to a stream that provides protection from or filters unwanted constituents. Source: http://www.ci.tuscaloosa.al.us/tusc%20web/htm/glossary.htm
Land adjoining and immediately adjacent to a stream that provides protection from or filters unwanted constituents.
carbon sequestration
The process by which atmospheric carbon is absorbed in to carbon sinks such as the oceans, forests and soil. Source: http://www.esd.rgs.org/glossarypopup.html
The process by which atmospheric carbon is absorbed in to carbon sinks such as the oceans, forests and soil.
Source: http://www.esd.rgs.org/glossarypopup.html
catchment
A structure in which water is collected; watershed basin. Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
A structure in which water is collected; watershed basin.
Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
chloride
Any compound containing a chlorine atom; any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion). Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
Any compound containing a chlorine atom; any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion).
coastal habitat
Habitats above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features. Characterized by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only affected by spray or splash, strandlines characterized by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats adjacent to the sea which are not characterized by salt spray, wave or sea-ice erosion. Source: http://eunis.eea.eu.int/habitats-factsheet.jsp?idHabitat=409
Habitats above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features. Characterized by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only affected by spray or splash, strandlines characterized by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats adjacent to the sea which are not characterized by salt spray, wave or sea-ice erosion.
Source: http://eunis.eea.eu.int/habitats-factsheet.jsp?idHabitat=409
coastal zone
Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology, or, inversely, whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea. Source: http://www.hanford.gov/dqo/glossaries/EPA_GlossaryRev1.html
Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology, or, inversely, whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea.
conservation
The organized management and planned use of living and non-living natural resources. “Water conservation” refers to strategies that increase the efficiency of water use, reuse, recycling, production, or distribution, or that decrease demand. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 283
The organized management and planned use of living and non-living natural resources. “Water conservation” refers to strategies that increase the efficiency of water use, reuse, recycling, production, or distribution, or that decrease demand.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 283
contaminant loading
The measure of the quantity of contaminants (polluting substances) discharged to the environment. The amount of contaminant being carried at a given time. Source: http://www.cnv.org/c/DATA/2/107/~~APPENDIX_02%20GLOSSARY%20OF%20TERMS.PDF; http://www.cleanwaterpartnership.org/uppertallapoosa/glossary.cfm
The measure of the quantity of contaminants (polluting substances) discharged to the environment. The amount of contaminant being carried at a given time.
Source: http://www.cnv.org/c/DATA/2/107/~~APPENDIX_02%20GLOSSARY%20OF%20TERMS.PDF; http://www.cleanwaterpartnership.org/uppertallapoosa/glossary.cfm
contributing area
Specific area that contributes a certain amount of matter. An important tool in quantifying pollution loads at specific time intervals during storm events, and for calculating phosphorus loads. The “minimum active contributing area” is a percentage of the total catchment area, in accord with the variable source area concept of storm runoff production. In soil erosion processes, sediment transport models show that detachment by shear forces occurs mainly in areas where water is concentrated (e.g., rills) rather than over a broad areas. Re-entrainment of sediments will take place mainly from the base of the rill. Sources of stream sediments do not necessarily coincide with major soil erosion areas because of the differences in capacity of different parts of a watershed to transport sediments. A source with a high soil erodibility located far from established channels may not contribute as much pollution to a stream as a less erodible source near stream. Source: Gorokhovich Y. 2000, “Modeling and Potential Use of Hydrologic Contributing Areas For Environmental Applications”, 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4):Problems, Prospects and Research Needs. Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 2 – 8, 2000; http://www.colorado.edu/research/cires/banff/pubpapers/234/
Specific area that contributes a certain amount of matter.
An important tool in quantifying pollution loads at specific time intervals during storm events, and for calculating phosphorus loads. The “minimum active contributing area” is a percentage of the total catchment area, in accord with the variable source area concept of storm runoff production.
In soil erosion processes, sediment transport models show that detachment by shear forces occurs mainly in areas where water is concentrated (e.g., rills) rather than over a broad areas. Re-entrainment of sediments will take place mainly from the base of the rill. Sources of stream sediments do not necessarily coincide with major soil erosion areas because of the differences in capacity of different parts of a watershed to transport sediments. A source with a high soil erodibility located far from established channels may not contribute as much pollution to a stream as a less erodible source near stream.
Source: Gorokhovich Y. 2000, “Modeling and Potential Use of Hydrologic Contributing Areas For Environmental Applications”, 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4):Problems, Prospects and Research Needs. Banff, Alberta, Canada, September 2 – 8, 2000; http://www.colorado.edu/research/cires/banff/pubpapers/234/
cross-sectional area
The area of a stream, channel, or waterway opening, usually taken perpendicular to the stream centerline. Source: http://buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
The area of a stream, channel, or waterway opening, usually taken perpendicular to the stream centerline.
Darcy’s law
The basis for much of our understanding of ground water flow in the subsurface environment. Darcy developed the law in the mid-19th century based on a series of experiments in France to understand water filtration. Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 149
The basis for much of our understanding of ground water flow in the subsurface environment. Darcy developed the law in the mid-19th century based on a series of experiments in France to understand water filtration.
Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 149
detention pond (detention basin)
A structure designed to temporarily store stormwater in order to reduce the potential for flooding. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 286
A structure designed to temporarily store stormwater in order to reduce the potential for flooding.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 286
digital elevation model
An array of uniformly spaced elevation data. Source: Kang-tsung Chang, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 2004, page 137
An array of uniformly spaced elevation data.
Source: Kang-tsung Chang, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 2004, page 137
discharge
The volume of water or a watery solution flowing past a point per unit time. Common units are cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 287
The volume of water or a watery solution flowing past a point per unit time. Common units are cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 287
dissolved oxygen (DO)
Concentration of oxygen, expressed in milligrams per liter, dissolved in water and readily available to fish and other aquatic organisms. Strongly influenced by temperature, biologic activity, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 287
Concentration of oxygen, expressed in milligrams per liter, dissolved in water and readily available to fish and other aquatic organisms. Strongly influenced by temperature, biologic activity, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand.
diurnal variation
Fluctuations that occur during each day. Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=diurnal%20variation
Fluctuations that occur during each day.
Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=diurnal%20variation
downstream
In the same direction as a stream or other flow, or toward the direction in which the flow is moving. Source: http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/glossary/d.html
In the same direction as a stream or other flow, or toward the direction in which the flow is moving.
Source: http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/glossary/d.html
drainage basin
The land area drained by a river and its tributaries. Also called catchment, drainage area, river basin, or watershed. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 287
The land area drained by a river and its tributaries. Also called catchment, drainage area, river basin, or watershed.
drainage system
The system of pipes, channels or watercourses to divert excess of water from some area (agricultural fields, mines, urban areas, etc.).
ecosystem
The community of plants and animals within a water or terrestrial habitat interacting together and with their physical and chemical environment. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 288
The community of plants and animals within a water or terrestrial habitat interacting together and with their physical and chemical environment.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 288
embankment
Fill material, usually earth or rock, placed with sloping sides and usually with length greater than height. All dams are types of embankments. Source: http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/append/glossary_e.htm
Fill material, usually earth or rock, placed with sloping sides and usually with length greater than height. All dams are types of embankments.
Source: http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/append/glossary_e.htm
emergent
Rising above a surrounding medium, especially a fluid. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 289
Rising above a surrounding medium, especially a fluid.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 289
emergent plant
A plant rooted in shallow water with much of the stem and most of the leaves above water. Source: http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nhns2/glossary.htm
A plant rooted in shallow water with much of the stem and most of the leaves above water.
Source: http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nhns2/glossary.htm
erodibility
The susceptibility of a soil to erosion. Source: http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/glossary/glossary_e.htm
The susceptibility of a soil to erosion.
Source: http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/glossary/glossary_e.htm
erosion
The wearing away of the land surface by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally from weather or runoff but can be intensified by land-clearing practices related to farming, residential or industrial development, road building, or timber cutting. Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
The wearing away of the land surface by wind or water. Erosion occurs naturally from weather or runoff but can be intensified by land-clearing practices related to farming, residential or industrial development, road building, or timber cutting.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
eutrophication
Enrichment of an aquatic ecosystem with nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) that accelerate biological productivity (growth of algae and weeds) and an undesirable accumulation of algal biomass. Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters, ” October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005; http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf The process by which lakes and streams become enriched, to varying degrees, by concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Enrichment results in increased plant growth (principal algae) and decay, the latter of which reduces the dissolved oxygen content. Highly eutrophic conditions may be considered undesirable, depending on the human use of the waterbody. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 290
Enrichment of an aquatic ecosystem with nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) that accelerate biological productivity (growth of algae and weeds) and an undesirable accumulation of algal biomass.
Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters, ” October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005; http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf
The process by which lakes and streams become enriched, to varying degrees, by concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Enrichment results in increased plant growth (principal algae) and decay, the latter of which reduces the dissolved oxygen content. Highly eutrophic conditions may be considered undesirable, depending on the human use of the waterbody.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 290
evapotranspiration
The process by which water is lost from the earth’s surface (evaporation) and from the leaves and stems of plants (transpiration). Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 113
The process by which water is lost from the earth’s surface (evaporation) and from the leaves and stems of plants (transpiration).
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 113
exotic
A general term that typically describes an organism or species that is not native to the area in which it is found (i.e. it is non-indigenous). Exotic species may be invasive. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 291
A general term that typically describes an organism or species that is not native to the area in which it is found (i.e. it is non-indigenous). Exotic species may be invasive.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 291
export coefficients
An estimate of the expected annual amount of a nutrient or water transported from a unit of land to a receptor. Expressed in terms of mass per area per unit of time. Source: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Volunteer Surface Water Monitoring Guide, 2003; http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/vswmg-appendixj.pdf
An estimate of the expected annual amount of a nutrient or water transported from a unit of land to a receptor. Expressed in terms of mass per area per unit of time.
Source: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Volunteer Surface Water Monitoring Guide, 2003; http://www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/vswmg-appendixj.pdf
filter strips
Belts of vegetation (grass, shrubs, and/or trees) maintained along streams or on the contours insloping fields to trap sediment and agricultural chemicals before they enter waterways. Source: http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/glossary/glossary_f.htm
Belts of vegetation (grass, shrubs, and/or trees) maintained along streams or on the contours insloping fields to trap sediment and agricultural chemicals before they enter waterways.
Source: http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/glossary/glossary_f.htm
flood control
Act or technique of trying to control rivers with dams to minimize occurrence of floods. The specific regulations and practices that reduce or prevent the damage caused by stormwater runoff. Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=flood%20control; http://www.stpetebeach.org/glossary/f.asp
Act or technique of trying to control rivers with dams to minimize occurrence of floods. The specific regulations and practices that reduce or prevent the damage caused by stormwater runoff.
Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=flood%20control; http://www.stpetebeach.org/glossary/f.asp
floodplain
The low-lying land adjoining a river that is sometimes flooded; generally covered by fine-grained sediments (silt and clay) deposited by the river at flood stage. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 292
The low-lying land adjoining a river that is sometimes flooded; generally covered by fine-grained sediments (silt and clay) deposited by the river at flood stage.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 292
flowpath
An underground route for groundwater movement, extending from a recharge (intake) zone to a discharge (output) zone such as a shallow stream. Source: http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/GWtutor/PlumeBustersNM/gwGlossary.html
An underground route for groundwater movement, extending from a recharge (intake) zone to a discharge (output) zone such as a shallow stream.
Source: http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Hydro/GWtutor/PlumeBustersNM/gwGlossary.html
flux
The amount of flow per unit time (i.e. energy flux or radiation flux). The rate of flow of any quantity, usually a form of energy, through a unit area of specified surface. Source: http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/glossary/f.html; ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996
The amount of flow per unit time (i.e. energy flux or radiation flux). The rate of flow of any quantity, usually a form of energy, through a unit area of specified surface.
Source: http://k12.ocs.ou.edu/teachers/glossary/f.html; ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996
forebay
An extra storage space provided near an inlet of a BMP to trap incoming sediments before they accumulate in a pond BMP. Source: Schueler, 1987; http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
An extra storage space provided near an inlet of a BMP to trap incoming sediments before they accumulate in a pond BMP.
gabion
Wire basket, filled with stones, used to stabilize banks of a water course and to enhance habitat. Source: http://www.hydro.mb.ca/our_facilities/build_gen_station/glossary.html
Wire basket, filled with stones, used to stabilize banks of a water course and to enhance habitat.
Source: http://www.hydro.mb.ca/our_facilities/build_gen_station/glossary.html
geographic information systems
A computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data. Source: Kang-tsung Chang, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 2004, page 1
A computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.
Source: Kang-tsung Chang, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, 2004, page 1
greenway
Undeveloped land usually in cities, set aside or used for recreation or conservation. Source: http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/g.asp
Undeveloped land usually in cities, set aside or used for recreation or conservation.
Source: http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/g.asp
groundwater
Water stored under the surface of the earth. It comes in the vast majority of cases from precipitation that falls on the earth’s surface. Some of the precipitation washes away immediately into lakes, rivers, and other water reservoirs, but most of the precipitation sinks into the soil, where it may become groundwater. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 143
Water stored under the surface of the earth. It comes in the vast majority of cases from precipitation that falls on the earth’s surface. Some of the precipitation washes away immediately into lakes, rivers, and other water reservoirs, but most of the precipitation sinks into the soil, where it may become groundwater.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 143
groundwater contamination
The pollution of springs and wells from their sources underground. It can result from indiscriminate land disposal of potentially hazardous waste materials that are then dissolved or suspended in free liquids, usually water, and leach downward through the unsaturated profile to the zone of saturation or from improperly constructed or operated wells. Source: http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/glossary/g.htm
The pollution of springs and wells from their sources underground. It can result from indiscriminate land disposal of potentially hazardous waste materials that are then dissolved or suspended in free liquids, usually water, and leach downward through the unsaturated profile to the zone of saturation or from improperly constructed or operated wells.
Source: http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/glossary/g.htm
groundwater recharge
Inflow of water to a groundwater reservoir from the surface. Infiltration of precipitation and its movement to the water table is one form of natural recharge. Also, the volume of water added by this process. Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/dictionary.html
Inflow of water to a groundwater reservoir from the surface. Infiltration of precipitation and its movement to the water table is one form of natural recharge. Also, the volume of water added by this process.
Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/dictionary.html
growing season
The period from the average date of the last frost (in the United States, this occurs in the spring) to the first frost in the fall. Source: http://www.geographic.org/glossary.html
The period from the average date of the last frost (in the United States, this occurs in the spring) to the first frost in the fall.
Source: http://www.geographic.org/glossary.html
habitat
The environment in which a plant or animal grows or lives; the surroundings include physical factors such as temperature, moisture, and light, together with biological factors such as the presence of food and predators. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 296
The environment in which a plant or animal grows or lives; the surroundings include physical factors such as temperature, moisture, and light, together with biological factors such as the presence of food and predators.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 296
headwaters
The source or upper reaches of a stream; also the upper reaches of a reservoir. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 297
The source or upper reaches of a stream; also the upper reaches of a reservoir.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 297
herbaceous
With the characteristics of a herb; describes a plant with no persistent woody stem above ground. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 297
With the characteristics of a herb; describes a plant with no persistent woody stem above ground.
herbicides
A group of chemicals used to kill or reduce the growth of vegetation that is considered undesirable. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 297
A group of chemicals used to kill or reduce the growth of vegetation that is considered undesirable.
hillslope (hillside)
A part of a hill between its crest and the drainage line at the foot of the hill. Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 299
A part of a hill between its crest and the drainage line at the foot of the hill.
Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 299
hillslope hydrology
The hydrologic process taking place on hillslopes. Intrinsically related to stream flow generation. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 332
The hydrologic process taking place on hillslopes. Intrinsically related to stream flow generation.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 332
hillslope runoff
Precipitation that flows off hillsides and appears in surface streams. Source: http://mojave.usgs.gov/rvde/glossary.html
Precipitation that flows off hillsides and appears in surface streams.
Source: http://mojave.usgs.gov/rvde/glossary.html
hydraulic conductivity
The ability of the soil to transmit water. Also commonly known as the permeability. Darcy found that to relate the flow rate to the hydraulic head and area of flow required a constant of proportionality (termed k) as the hydraulic conductivity. It has units of velocity. Note that the value is a function of both the porous media and the fluid. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 124; LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 150
The ability of the soil to transmit water. Also commonly known as the permeability.
Darcy found that to relate the flow rate to the hydraulic head and area of flow required a constant of proportionality (termed k) as the hydraulic conductivity. It has units of velocity. Note that the value is a function of both the porous media and the fluid.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 124; LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 150
hydraulic gradient
The rate of change in which the head (or energy) is lost as water flows through porous materials. Defined in algebraic form as: i= (h1-h2)/L where h1: head at location 1 (cm), h2: head at location 2 (cm), and L: length of sand column (cm). The change in hydraulic head between two points (e.g., the difference in water level between two points divided by the distance between the two points). In an aquifer, the rate of change of total head per unit of distance of flow at a given point and in a given direction. In a stream, the slope of the hydraulic grade line. Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 150; Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 298; Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 308
The rate of change in which the head (or energy) is lost as water flows through porous materials. Defined in algebraic form as: i= (h1-h2)/L where h1: head at location 1 (cm), h2: head at location 2 (cm), and L: length of sand column (cm).
The change in hydraulic head between two points (e.g., the difference in water level between two points divided by the distance between the two points). In an aquifer, the rate of change of total head per unit of distance of flow at a given point and in a given direction. In a stream, the slope of the hydraulic grade line.
Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 150; Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 298; Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 308
hydraulic head
The height of the free surface of a body of water above a given subsurface point. The water level at a point upstream from a given point downstream. The elevation of the hydraulic grade line at a given point of a pressure pipe. Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 308
The height of the free surface of a body of water above a given subsurface point.
The water level at a point upstream from a given point downstream.
The elevation of the hydraulic grade line at a given point of a pressure pipe.
Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 308
hydraulic radius
Ratio of the cross-sectional area of the flow at a point in an open channel or closed conduit to the wetted perimeter (R = A/P). Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=hydraulic-radius1
Ratio of the cross-sectional area of the flow at a point in an open channel or closed conduit to the wetted perimeter (R = A/P).
Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=hydraulic-radius1
hydric soil
A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic (oxygen-lacking) conditions that favor the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation. Source: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/sustain/data/authors/glossary.htm
A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic (oxygen-lacking) conditions that favor the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation.
Source: http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/sustain/data/authors/glossary.htm
hydrograph
A graphical representation or plot of changes in the flow of water or changes in the elevation of water level plotted against time. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 299; http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110238/Lessons/2-4.htm
A graphical representation or plot of changes in the flow of water or changes in the elevation of water level plotted against time.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 299; http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110238/Lessons/2-4.htm
hydrologic cycle
The hydrologic cycle begins with precipitation that lands on the earth’s surface and can be in the form of rain, snow, etc. From there, the water may spread along the ground surface as surface water runoff or overland flow or may seep into the ground and become ground water. Overland flow may continue to concentrate as channel flow, and progressing as stream flow, continuing to concentrate in the form of streams and rivers until ultimately reaching the ocean. Infiltration causes surface water to change into groundwater. Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 147
The hydrologic cycle begins with precipitation that lands on the earth’s surface and can be in the form of rain, snow, etc. From there, the water may spread along the ground surface as surface water runoff or overland flow or may seep into the ground and become ground water. Overland flow may continue to concentrate as channel flow, and progressing as stream flow, continuing to concentrate in the form of streams and rivers until ultimately reaching the ocean. Infiltration causes surface water to change into groundwater.
Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 147
hydrologic soil group
SCS classification system of soils based on the permeability and infiltration rates of the soils. “A” type soils are primarily sandy in nature with a high permeability while “D” type soils are primarily clayey in nature with a low permeability. Other groups include “B” and “C” types.” Source: Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/sw/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
SCS classification system of soils based on the permeability and infiltration rates of the soils. “A” type soils are primarily sandy in nature with a high permeability while “D” type soils are primarily clayey in nature with a low permeability. Other groups include “B” and “C” types.”
Source: Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/sw/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
hyporheic zone
The volume of sediment and porous space adjacent to a stream, and through which stream water exchanges. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 300
The volume of sediment and porous space adjacent to a stream, and through which stream water exchanges.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 300
hypoxia
A condition in which natural waters have a low concentration of dissolved oxygen (about 2 milligrams per liter as compared with a normal level of 8 to 10 milligrams per liter). Most game and commercial species of fish avoid such waters. Compare with anoxia, which is less than 0.1 milliliter of oxygen per liter, and the threshold below which animal life diminishes significantly. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 300
A condition in which natural waters have a low concentration of dissolved oxygen (about 2 milligrams per liter as compared with a normal level of 8 to 10 milligrams per liter). Most game and commercial species of fish avoid such waters. Compare with anoxia, which is less than 0.1 milliliter of oxygen per liter, and the threshold below which animal life diminishes significantly.
impervious surface
A hard surface area that either prevents or retards the entry of water into the soil mantle as under natural conditions prior to development. A hard surface area that causes water to run off the surface in greater quantities or at an increased rate of flow from the flow present under natural conditions prior to development. Common impervious surfaces include, but are not limited to, rooftops, walkways, patios, driveways, parking lots, storage areas, concrete or asphalt paving, gravel roads, packed earthen materials, and oiled, macadam, or other surfaces that similarly impede the natural infiltration of urban runoff. Open, uncovered retention/detention facilities shall not be considered as impervious surfaces. Source: Washington Department of Ecology, 1992; http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
A hard surface area that either prevents or retards the entry of water into the soil mantle as under natural conditions prior to development. A hard surface area that causes water to run off the surface in greater quantities or at an increased rate of flow from the flow present under natural conditions prior to development. Common impervious surfaces include, but are not limited to, rooftops, walkways, patios, driveways, parking lots, storage areas, concrete or asphalt paving, gravel roads, packed earthen materials, and oiled, macadam, or other surfaces that similarly impede the natural infiltration of urban runoff. Open, uncovered retention/detention facilities shall not be considered as impervious surfaces.
Source: Washington Department of Ecology, 1992; http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter4/ch4-8.html
incision
A depression scratched or carved into a surface. Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=incision
A depression scratched or carved into a surface.
Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=incision
infiltration
The process by which water enters the soil and that is controlled by the character of the soil and surface conditions, such as slope and amount of vegetation. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 301
The process by which water enters the soil and that is controlled by the character of the soil and surface conditions, such as slope and amount of vegetation.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 301
intermittent
A stream that flows only periodically throughout the year. Source: http://www.ci.tuscaloosa.al.us/tusc%20web/htm/glossary.htm
A stream that flows only periodically throughout the year.
intertidal
Coastal land that is covered by water at high tide and uncovered at low tide. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 302
Coastal land that is covered by water at high tide and uncovered at low tide.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 302
invasive species
A plant or animal that moves in and takes over an ecosystem to the detriment of other species; often the result of environmental manipulation. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 302
A plant or animal that moves in and takes over an ecosystem to the detriment of other species; often the result of environmental manipulation.
land cover
A (bio)physical description of the earth’s surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished – basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields, lawns), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses, wetlands). Source: European Environment Agency; http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary
A (bio)physical description of the earth’s surface. It is that which overlays or currently covers the ground. This description enables various biophysical categories to be distinguished – basically, areas of vegetation (trees, bushes, fields, lawns), bare soil, hard surfaces (rocks, buildings) and wet areas and bodies of water (watercourses, wetlands).
Source: European Environment Agency; http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary
land management
The process of managing the use and development of land resources. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_management Operations for preparing and controlling the implementation of plans for organizing human activities on land. Source: European Environment Agency; http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary
The process of managing the use and development of land resources. Land resources are used for a variety of purposes which interact and may compete with one another; therefore, it is desirable to plan and manage all uses in an integrated manner.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_management
Operations for preparing and controlling the implementation of plans for organizing human activities on land.
land use
The way land is developed and used in terms of the types of activities allowed (agriculture, residences, industries, etc.) and the size of buildings and structures permitted. Certain types of pollution problems are often associated with particular land uses, such as sedimentation from construction activities. Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/glossary.html
The way land is developed and used in terms of the types of activities allowed (agriculture, residences, industries, etc.) and the size of buildings and structures permitted. Certain types of pollution problems are often associated with particular land uses, such as sedimentation from construction activities.
landscape
The traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic area, including its biological composition, its physical environment, and its anthropogenic or social patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form. Source: http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/lterms.html
The traits, patterns, and structure of a specific geographic area, including its biological composition, its physical environment, and its anthropogenic or social patterns. An area where interacting ecosystems are grouped and repeated in similar form.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/lterms.html
land-use planning
A generic term for a wide range of legislative and regulatory activities intended to limit or direct land development for the purpose of making its usage sustainable. Large-scale land-use plans often are implemented by local zoning and land-use ordinances. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 304
A generic term for a wide range of legislative and regulatory activities intended to limit or direct land development for the purpose of making its usage sustainable. Large-scale land-use plans often are implemented by local zoning and land-use ordinances.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 304
leachate
Liquid that has moved through a substance, removing solids from the substance, generally by dissolution. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 304
Liquid that has moved through a substance, removing solids from the substance, generally by dissolution.
leaching
Downward movement of a soluble material through the soil as a result of water movement. The process by which soluble constituents are dissolved and filtered through the soil by a percolating fluid. Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3-3.html; http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/lterms.html
Downward movement of a soluble material through the soil as a result of water movement. The process by which soluble constituents are dissolved and filtered through the soil by a percolating fluid.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3-3.html; http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/lterms.html
loading
Amount of a substance entering the environment (soil, water, or air). Source: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/arep/glossary.html
Amount of a substance entering the environment (soil, water, or air).
Source: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/arep/glossary.html
macroinvertebrate
Any nonvertebrate organism that is large enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope. Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/glossary.html
Any nonvertebrate organism that is large enough to be seen without the aid of a microscope.
Manning’s roughness coefficient
Indicative of the resistance to the flow. Used in formula to compute the velocity of uniform flow in a open channel: V= 1.486/ n R(2/3) S (1/2), where V is the mean velocity of flow (in cfs units), R is the hydraulic radius in feet, S is the slope of the channel or sine of the slope angle, and n is the Manning roughness coefficient. Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=manning-equation1; Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 388
Indicative of the resistance to the flow. Used in formula to compute the velocity of uniform flow in a open channel: V= 1.486/ n R(2/3) S (1/2), where V is the mean velocity of flow (in cfs units), R is the hydraulic radius in feet, S is the slope of the channel or sine of the slope angle, and n is the Manning roughness coefficient.
Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=manning-equation1; Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 388
marsh
A type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or saltwater, tidal or non-tidal. Source: http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/mterms.html
A type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. Marshes may be either fresh or saltwater, tidal or non-tidal.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/mterms.html
microorganism
A microscopic organism. The term encompasses viruses, bacteria, yeast, molds, protozoa, and small algae. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 307
A microscopic organism. The term encompasses viruses, bacteria, yeast, molds, protozoa, and small algae.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 307
mitigation
Actions designed to lessen or reduce adverse impacts. Frequently used in the context of environmental assessment. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 307
Actions designed to lessen or reduce adverse impacts. Frequently used in the context of environmental assessment.
native
Endemic, i.e. confound to certain area, or originated where it was located. Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 428
Endemic, i.e. confound to certain area, or originated where it was located.
Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 428
native vegetation
Endemic vegetation.
nitrogen (N)
An element essential to the growth and development of plants. Occurs in manure and chemical fertilizer and, in excess, can cause waters to become polluted by promoting excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. Source: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/arep/glossary.html
An element essential to the growth and development of plants. Occurs in manure and chemical fertilizer and, in excess, can cause waters to become polluted by promoting excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants.
non-point source pollution
In general, sources of pollutants entering lakes, rivers, oceans, and other waterways can be classified as point or nonpoint sources. A nonpoint source is a extended area from which water flows, usually on an irregular basis. Examples of nonpoint sources include agricultural land, developed land, forests, or landfills. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 335
In general, sources of pollutants entering lakes, rivers, oceans, and other waterways can be classified as point or nonpoint sources. A nonpoint source is a extended area from which water flows, usually on an irregular basis. Examples of nonpoint sources include agricultural land, developed land, forests, or landfills.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 335
nutrient balance
The difference between nutrient inputs and outputs. When the nutrient balance is close to zero, nutrients applied in manure and fertilizer are closely matched to crop utilization. When the nutrient balance is positive, nutrient inputs exceed outputs. When the nutrient balance is negative, nutrient outputs exceed inputs. Source: http://mawaterquality.agecon.vt.edu/Glossary.html
The difference between nutrient inputs and outputs. When the nutrient balance is close to zero, nutrients applied in manure and fertilizer are closely matched to crop utilization. When the nutrient balance is positive, nutrient inputs exceed outputs. When the nutrient balance is negative, nutrient outputs exceed inputs.
Source: http://mawaterquality.agecon.vt.edu/Glossary.html
nutrient cycle
Pathway of a nutrient through an ecosystem from assimilation (transformation into living tissue) by organisms to release by decomposition. The cyclic conversions of nutrients from one form to another within the biological communities. Source: http://www.hubbardbrook.org/education/Glossary/Glossary.htm; http://www.cleanwaterpartnership.org/uppertallapoosa/glossary.cfm
Pathway of a nutrient through an ecosystem from assimilation (transformation into living tissue) by organisms to release by decomposition. The cyclic conversions of nutrients from one form to another within the biological communities.
Source: http://www.hubbardbrook.org/education/Glossary/Glossary.htm; http://www.cleanwaterpartnership.org/uppertallapoosa/glossary.cfm
nutrient loading
Quantity of nutrients entering an ecosystem in a given period of time. The nutrient load refers to the total amount of nitrogen or phosphorus entering the water during a given time, such as “tons of nitrogen per year”. Source: http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/mno/nutrient-loading.htm; http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/water_quality/nutrient_load.html
Quantity of nutrients entering an ecosystem in a given period of time. The nutrient load refers to the total amount of nitrogen or phosphorus entering the water during a given time, such as “tons of nitrogen per year”.
Source: http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/mno/nutrient-loading.htm; http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/water_quality/nutrient_load.html
nutrients
A group of chemical elements or compounds needed for all plant and animal life. Nitrogen and phosphorus are primary nutrients in aquatic systems. Excessive or imbalanced nutrients in water may cause problems such as accelerated eutrophication. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 310
A group of chemical elements or compounds needed for all plant and animal life. Nitrogen and phosphorus are primary nutrients in aquatic systems. Excessive or imbalanced nutrients in water may cause problems such as accelerated eutrophication.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 310
ordinance
A law or rule enacted by an authority, such as a city government. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 310
A law or rule enacted by an authority, such as a city government.
overland flow
The flow of water over a land surface due to direct precipitation. Generally occurs when the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. Source: Fetter, 1994; http://www.mde.state.md.us/Programs/WaterPrograms/Wetlands_Waterways/about_wetlands/glossary.asp
The flow of water over a land surface due to direct precipitation. Generally occurs when the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil.
Source: Fetter, 1994; http://www.mde.state.md.us/Programs/WaterPrograms/Wetlands_Waterways/about_wetlands/glossary.asp
percolation
The migration of water through the active soil profile into greater depths where it may become groundwater. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 312
The migration of water through the active soil profile into greater depths where it may become groundwater.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 312
percolation rate
The rate, usually expressed as a velocity, at which water moves through saturated granular material. Also applies to quantity per unit of time of such movement. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 312
The rate, usually expressed as a velocity, at which water moves through saturated granular material. Also applies to quantity per unit of time of such movement.
perennial stream
A stream that flows throughout the year. During low-flow periods, the flow of perennial streams is baseflow. Perennial streams are typical of humid and subhumid climates, where groundwater reservoirs are subject to substantial wet-season recharge, discharging during dry season. Source: http://www.ci.tuscaloosa.al.us/tusc%20web/htm/glossary.htm; ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 434
A stream that flows throughout the year. During low-flow periods, the flow of perennial streams is baseflow. Perennial streams are typical of humid and subhumid climates, where groundwater reservoirs are subject to substantial wet-season recharge, discharging during dry season.
Source: http://www.ci.tuscaloosa.al.us/tusc%20web/htm/glossary.htm; ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 434
perennial yield
The maximum quantity of water that can be withdrawn annually from a ground water supply under a given set of conditions without causing an undesirable result. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 327
The maximum quantity of water that can be withdrawn annually from a ground water supply under a given set of conditions without causing an undesirable result.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 327
pesticides
A broad group of chemicals that kills or controls plants (herbicides), fungus (fungicides), insects and arachnids (insecticides), rodents (rodenticides), bacteria (bactericides), or other creatures that are considered pests. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 312
A broad group of chemicals that kills or controls plants (herbicides), fungus (fungicides), insects and arachnids (insecticides), rodents (rodenticides), bacteria (bactericides), or other creatures that are considered pests.
phosphorous (P)
photic zone
The upper water layers from the water surface and extending down to the depth of effective light penetration where photosynthesis balances respiration. This level (the compensation level) usually occurs at the depth of 1 percent light penetration (for example, 1 percent of surface light intensity) and forms the lower boundary of the zone of net metabolic production. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 313
The upper water layers from the water surface and extending down to the depth of effective light penetration where photosynthesis balances respiration. This level (the compensation level) usually occurs at the depth of 1 percent light penetration (for example, 1 percent of surface light intensity) and forms the lower boundary of the zone of net metabolic production.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 313
photosynthesis
The process by which plants manufacture food from sunlight. Specifically, the conversion of water and carbon dioxide to complex sugars in plant tissues by the action of chlorophyll driven by solar energy. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 313
The process by which plants manufacture food from sunlight. Specifically, the conversion of water and carbon dioxide to complex sugars in plant tissues by the action of chlorophyll driven by solar energy.
phreatophyte
A plant that habitually obtains its water supply from saturated zone, either directly or through the capillary fringe. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 327
A plant that habitually obtains its water supply from saturated zone, either directly or through the capillary fringe.
plant uptake
The uptake of a chemical into plants is expressed in terms of a bioconcentration factor for vegetation, which is the ratio of the concentration in the plant tissue to the concentration in soil. Source: http://athena.english.vt.edu/~marmstro/materialt/CTSA%20docs/mod5-3.pdf
The uptake of a chemical into plants is expressed in terms of a bioconcentration factor for vegetation, which is the ratio of the concentration in the plant tissue to the concentration in soil.
Source: http://athena.english.vt.edu/~marmstro/materialt/CTSA%20docs/mod5-3.pdf
plot
A chart or map showing the movements or progress of an object. Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=plot
A chart or map showing the movements or progress of an object.
Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=plot
point source pollution
In general, sources of pollutants entering lakes, rivers, oceans, and other waterways can be classified as point or nonpoint sources. Point sources are municipal or industrial sites that can be specifically identified as the source from which pollutants are released into a waterway. Such sources might include pipes or canals that flow from a municipal sewage system or industrial plant into a waterway. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 335
In general, sources of pollutants entering lakes, rivers, oceans, and other waterways can be classified as point or nonpoint sources. Point sources are municipal or industrial sites that can be specifically identified as the source from which pollutants are released into a waterway. Such sources might include pipes or canals that flow from a municipal sewage system or industrial plant into a waterway.
pollutant
A contaminant in a concentration or amount that adversely alters the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the natural environment. Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters”, October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005; http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf
A contaminant in a concentration or amount that adversely alters the physical, chemical, or biological properties of the natural environment.
pollutant load
The amount of pollutants entering a waterbody. Loads are usually expressed in terms of a weight and a time frame, such as pounds per day (lb/d). Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters”, October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005; http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf
The amount of pollutants entering a waterbody. Loads are usually expressed in terms of a weight and a time frame, such as pounds per day (lb/d).
population density
The number per unit area of individuals of any given species, including humans, at a given time. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 314
The number per unit area of individuals of any given species, including humans, at a given time.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 314
precipitation
Forms in which liquid or solid water fall to the earth from the atmosphere. The most common forms of precipitation are rain, sleet, glaze, snow, mist, drizzle, hail, rime, and graupel. Dew and white frost are sometimes considered forms of precipitation. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 244
Forms in which liquid or solid water fall to the earth from the atmosphere. The most common forms of precipitation are rain, sleet, glaze, snow, mist, drizzle, hail, rime, and graupel. Dew and white frost are sometimes considered forms of precipitation.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 244
rational method
Means of computing peak storm drainage flow rates based on average percent imperviousness of the site, mean rainfall intensity, and drainage area. Source: Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/SW/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf In hydraulics, the expression of peak discharge (in cfs units) as equal to rainfall (in inches/hr) times drainage area (in acres) times a runoff coefficient depending on drainage basin characteristics. Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 532 The Rational Method has served as the basis for United States storm drain design practice since the turn of the 20th century. It is essentially a peak discharge method based on the following formula: Q = kCiA ; where Q is the peak flow rate in m3/s for return interval T years, C is the runoff coefficient dependent on land use, i is the design rainfall intensity in cm per hour for return period of T years and duration equal to the time of concentration for the basin, A is the drainage area in hectares, and k =0.0278, the number of m3/s in one hectare-cm/hour. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 579
Means of computing peak storm drainage flow rates based on average percent imperviousness of the site, mean rainfall intensity, and drainage area.
Source: Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/SW/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
In hydraulics, the expression of peak discharge (in cfs units) as equal to rainfall (in inches/hr) times drainage area (in acres) times a runoff coefficient depending on drainage basin characteristics.
Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 532
The Rational Method has served as the basis for United States storm drain design practice since the turn of the 20th century. It is essentially a peak discharge method based on the following formula: Q = kCiA ; where Q is the peak flow rate in m3/s for return interval T years, C is the runoff coefficient dependent on land use, i is the design rainfall intensity in cm per hour for return period of T years and duration equal to the time of concentration for the basin, A is the drainage area in hectares, and k =0.0278, the number of m3/s in one hectare-cm/hour.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 579
reach
A segment of a stream channel. Source: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/water/hydroterms.html
A segment of a stream channel.
Source: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/water/hydroterms.html
recession limb of hydrograph (falling limb)
That portion of a hydrograph that shows the rate of decrease of stage or discharge following passage of a crest; the opposite of rising limb. Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=recession1
That portion of a hydrograph that shows the rate of decrease of stage or discharge following passage of a crest; the opposite of rising limb.
Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=recession1
regulated flow
Flow is regulated when it is managed to achieve various goals, such as maintaining a minimum flow downstream of a reservoir or maintaining a minimum depth for shipping. Source: http://epa.gov/waterscience/dflow/flow101.htm#standards
Flow is regulated when it is managed to achieve various goals, such as maintaining a minimum flow downstream of a reservoir or maintaining a minimum depth for shipping.
Source: http://epa.gov/waterscience/dflow/flow101.htm#standards
residence time
The average time an element spends in a given environment between the time it arrived and the time it is removed by some process. In the ocean, residence time is defined as the concentration in sea water relative to the amount delivered to the ocean per year; in groundwater, it is the time elapsed between water being recharged to the aquifer; in lakes and reservoirs, it is the time elapsed between a parcel of water entering the waterbody and leaving it. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 319
The average time an element spends in a given environment between the time it arrived and the time it is removed by some process. In the ocean, residence time is defined as the concentration in sea water relative to the amount delivered to the ocean per year; in groundwater, it is the time elapsed between water being recharged to the aquifer; in lakes and reservoirs, it is the time elapsed between a parcel of water entering the waterbody and leaving it.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 319
riparian
The bank of a river or stream, or the shoreline of a lake or pond. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 340
The bank of a river or stream, or the shoreline of a lake or pond.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 340
riparian buffer
Vegetated areas next to water resources that protect water resources from nonpoint source pollution and provide bank stabilization and aquatic and wildlife habitat. Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/buffers.html
Vegetated areas next to water resources that protect water resources from nonpoint source pollution and provide bank stabilization and aquatic and wildlife habitat.
Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/buffers.html
riparian rights
A concept of water law under which authorization to use water in a stream is based on ownership of the land adjacent to the stream. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 327
A concept of water law under which authorization to use water in a stream is based on ownership of the land adjacent to the stream.
rising limb of hydrograph
The rising portion of the hydrograph resulting from runoff of rainfall or snowmelt. Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rising-limb1
The rising portion of the hydrograph resulting from runoff of rainfall or snowmelt.
Source: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rising-limb1
Rosgen stream classification
A stream classification system developed by Dave Rosgen that groups stream types based on certain geomorphological characteristics (e.g., channel slope, shape, and materials). Useful in predicting a stream’s hydraulic and sediment transport behavior under various conditions and in the application of natural channel design methods in stream restoration work. Source: http://www.nceep.net/news/reports/watershedplan-glossary.pdf
A stream classification system developed by Dave Rosgen that groups stream types based on certain geomorphological characteristics (e.g., channel slope, shape, and materials). Useful in predicting a stream’s hydraulic and sediment transport behavior under various conditions and in the application of natural channel design methods in stream restoration work.
Source: http://www.nceep.net/news/reports/watershedplan-glossary.pdf
roughness coefficient
A factor in velocity and discharge formulas representing the effect of channel roughness on energy losses in flowing water. Manning’s “n” is a commonly used roughness coefficient. Source: Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/SW/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
A factor in velocity and discharge formulas representing the effect of channel roughness on energy losses in flowing water. Manning’s “n” is a commonly used roughness coefficient.
runoff coefficient
Includes many factors such as type of cover, soil types, infiltration, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and any moisture condition. The fraction of total rainfall that appears as runoff. Represented as “C” in the rational method formula. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 590; Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/SW/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
Includes many factors such as type of cover, soil types, infiltration, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and any moisture condition. The fraction of total rainfall that appears as runoff. Represented as “C” in the rational method formula.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 590; Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/SW/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Originally passed in 1974 to ensure that public water supplies are maintained at high quality. Amendments passed in 1986 require the EPA to set national primary drinking water standards. Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 61
Originally passed in 1974 to ensure that public water supplies are maintained at high quality. Amendments passed in 1986 require the EPA to set national primary drinking water standards.
Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 61
saturated condition
“Wet” conditions when media (i.e. watershed basin, soil layer, aquifer, etc.) are fully saturated with water and no infiltration takes place. A condition in which the interstices of a material are filled with a liquid, usually water. It applies whether the liquid is under greater then or less than atmospheric pressure, as long as all connected interstices are full. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 328
“Wet” conditions when media (i.e. watershed basin, soil layer, aquifer, etc.) are fully saturated with water and no infiltration takes place.
A condition in which the interstices of a material are filled with a liquid, usually water. It applies whether the liquid is under greater then or less than atmospheric pressure, as long as all connected interstices are full.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 328
saturated zone
That part of the water-bearing material in which all voids, large and small, are ideally filled with water under pressure greater than atmospheric. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 328
That part of the water-bearing material in which all voids, large and small, are ideally filled with water under pressure greater than atmospheric.
Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
Now called Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), a branch of the US Department of Agriculture. Source: Glossary of Stormwater Management Terms and Acronyms, Virginia Stormwater Management Handbook; http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/SW/docs/swm/Glossary.pdf
Now called Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), a branch of the US Department of Agriculture.
sediment
Solid material, such as sand and clay, carried off the land by running water and later deposited in a river, lake, or other waterway. When rainwater runs off the land, it usually carries soil with it on its way to a river or lake. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 334
Solid material, such as sand and clay, carried off the land by running water and later deposited in a river, lake, or other waterway. When rainwater runs off the land, it usually carries soil with it on its way to a river or lake.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 334
sediment control
Practices used on building sites to prevent sand, soil, cement and other building materials from reaching waterways. Even a small amount of pollution from a site can cause significant environmental damage by killing aquatic life, silting up streams and blocking stormwater pipes. Source: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs52.htm
Practices used on building sites to prevent sand, soil, cement and other building materials from reaching waterways. Even a small amount of pollution from a site can cause significant environmental damage by killing aquatic life, silting up streams and blocking stormwater pipes.
Source: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs52.htm
setback
The distance between a property boundary and a building. A minimum setback is usually required by law. Source: http://www.leanlegal.com/dictionary/s.asp
The distance between a property boundary and a building. A minimum setback is usually required by law.
Source: http://www.leanlegal.com/dictionary/s.asp
sheet flow
A condition of flooding where there is moving water but no identifiable channel. Flooding depths are usually shallow (less than 3 feet). May have a high velocity, as on alluvial fans. Source: http://www.msdlouky.org/programs/crssite/fpglossary.html
A condition of flooding where there is moving water but no identifiable channel. Flooding depths are usually shallow (less than 3 feet). May have a high velocity, as on alluvial fans.
Source: http://www.msdlouky.org/programs/crssite/fpglossary.html
silviculture
The branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests. Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=silviculture
The branch of forestry dealing with the development and care of forests.
Source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=silviculture
sink
A substance or process that removes a component of concern from the active environment. For example, the adsorption of metals on the surfaces of organic matter serves as a sink for these elements as it removes them from a solution. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 323
A substance or process that removes a component of concern from the active environment. For example, the adsorption of metals on the surfaces of organic matter serves as a sink for these elements as it removes them from a solution.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 323
slope
Degree of deviation of a surface from the horizontal, measured as a numerical ratio, as a percent, or in degrees. Expressed as a ratio, the first number is the horizontal distance (run) and the second number is the vertical distance (rise), as 2:1. A 2:1 slope is a 50 percent slope. Expressed in degrees, the slope is the angle from the horizontal plane, with a 90 degree slope being vertical (maximum) and a 45 degree slope being a 1:1 slope. Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3-3.html
Degree of deviation of a surface from the horizontal, measured as a numerical ratio, as a percent, or in degrees. Expressed as a ratio, the first number is the horizontal distance (run) and the second number is the vertical distance (rise), as 2:1. A 2:1 slope is a 50 percent slope. Expressed in degrees, the slope is the angle from the horizontal plane, with a 90 degree slope being vertical (maximum) and a 45 degree slope being a 1:1 slope.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter3/ch3-3.html
soil
A mixture of different inorganic and organic materials. The inorganic fraction consists mostly of fine mineral grains. The percentages by weight of gravel, sand, silt, and clay provide a basis for classifying soil by texture. Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 181
A mixture of different inorganic and organic materials. The inorganic fraction consists mostly of fine mineral grains. The percentages by weight of gravel, sand, silt, and clay provide a basis for classifying soil by texture.
Source: LaGrega M., Hazardous Waste Management, 1994, page 181
soil erosion
The removal of soil by wind or water. Source: http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabulary7.htm
The removal of soil by wind or water.
Source: http://geographyfieldwork.com/GeographyVocabulary7.htm
soil moisture
Water in the soil mantle, available for use by plants. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 328
Water in the soil mantle, available for use by plants.
spatial
Describes the characteristics of a given area. For example, the spatial distribution of whales in the ocean or the spatial distribution of aquifer thickness. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 324
Describes the characteristics of a given area. For example, the spatial distribution of whales in the ocean or the spatial distribution of aquifer thickness.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 324
spatial data
Any information about the location, shape of, and relationships among geographic features. This includes remotely sensed data as well as map data. Source: http://landsat.usgs.gov/resources/glossary.php?gid=s
Any information about the location, shape of, and relationships among geographic features. This includes remotely sensed data as well as map data.
Source: http://landsat.usgs.gov/resources/glossary.php?gid=s
spatial variation
Variation (change) of a certain parameter within studied area.
specific conductance
A measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current, expressed in micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Related to the type and concentration of ions in solution and can be used for approximating the dissolved-solids content of the water. Commonly, the concentration of dissolved solids (in milligrams per liter) is about 65% of the specific conductance (in micromhos). This relation is not constant from supply to supply, and it may even vary in the same source with changes in the composition of the water. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 329
A measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current, expressed in micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Related to the type and concentration of ions in solution and can be used for approximating the dissolved-solids content of the water. Commonly, the concentration of dissolved solids (in milligrams per liter) is about 65% of the specific conductance (in micromhos). This relation is not constant from supply to supply, and it may even vary in the same source with changes in the composition of the water.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 329
specific conductivity
With reference to the movement of water in soil, a factor expressing the volume of transported water per unit of time in a given area. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 329
With reference to the movement of water in soil, a factor expressing the volume of transported water per unit of time in a given area.
stage
The elevation of a water surface in relation to a datum. Source: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/water/hydroterms.html
The elevation of a water surface in relation to a datum.
storm event
A rainfall event that produces more than 0.1 inch of precipitation and that which is separated from the previous storm event by at least 72 hours of dry weather. Source: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/docs/march_attachment9.pdf
A rainfall event that produces more than 0.1 inch of precipitation and that which is separated from the previous storm event by at least 72 hours of dry weather.
Source: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/docs/march_attachment9.pdf
storm sewer system
System of pipes and channels that carry stormwater runoff from the surfaces of building, paved surfaces, and the land to discharge areas. Source: http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/gloss.asp
System of pipes and channels that carry stormwater runoff from the surfaces of building, paved surfaces, and the land to discharge areas.
Source: http://www.nrdc.org/water/pollution/storm/gloss.asp
stream channel
The bed where a natural stream of water runs or may run. The long, narrow depression shaped by the concentrated flow of a stream and covered continuously or periodically by water. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 325
The bed where a natural stream of water runs or may run. The long, narrow depression shaped by the concentrated flow of a stream and covered continuously or periodically by water.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 325
stream channelization
A method of flood control in which a river or stream channel is widened, deepened, cleared, strengthened, and/or made more straight. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 124
A method of flood control in which a river or stream channel is widened, deepened, cleared, strengthened, and/or made more straight.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 124
streamflow
The flow in natural streams. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 331
The flow in natural streams.
Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 331
succession
The replacement of one plant community by another over time. Source: http://buttecreekwatershed.org/ecr/new/glossary.htm
The replacement of one plant community by another over time.
sulfate
A combination of sulfur in the oxidized state (S6+) and oxygen, and a part of naturally occurring minerals in some soil and rock formations. A common constituent in groundwater and surface water. Sulfate minerals tend to be highly soluble. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 326
A combination of sulfur in the oxidized state (S6+) and oxygen, and a part of naturally occurring minerals in some soil and rock formations. A common constituent in groundwater and surface water. Sulfate minerals tend to be highly soluble.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 326
surface runoff
Water that runs across the top of the land without infiltrating the soil. Source: http://www.co.grays-harbor.wa.us/WebHomePage/info/pub_svcs/ChehalisBasin/PhaseII/Level1/AssessmentSummary/6-Glossary.pdf All the waters flowing on the surface of the earth, either by overland sheet flow or by channel flow in rills, gullies, streams, or rivers. Source: ASCE, Hydrology Handbook, Second edition, 1996, page 331
Water that runs across the top of the land without infiltrating the soil.
Source: http://www.co.grays-harbor.wa.us/WebHomePage/info/pub_svcs/ChehalisBasin/PhaseII/Level1/AssessmentSummary/6-Glossary.pdf
All the waters flowing on the surface of the earth, either by overland sheet flow or by channel flow in rills, gullies, streams, or rivers.
suspended sediment
Very fine soil particles that remain in suspension in water for a considerable period of time without contact with the bottom. Such material remains in suspension due to the upward components of turbulence and currents and/or by suspension. Source: http://www.agwt.org/info/S_Terms.asp
Very fine soil particles that remain in suspension in water for a considerable period of time without contact with the bottom. Such material remains in suspension due to the upward components of turbulence and currents and/or by suspension.
Source: http://www.agwt.org/info/S_Terms.asp
suspended sediment load
Suspended sediment concentration in a given volume of water.
swamps
Wetlands covered with water for most or all of the year and characterized primarily by the presence of woody plants. Swamps often occurs close to adjacent rivers, streams, lakes, and other bodies water. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 362
Wetlands covered with water for most or all of the year and characterized primarily by the presence of woody plants. Swamps often occurs close to adjacent rivers, streams, lakes, and other bodies water.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 362
temporal variation
Variation (change) of a certain parameter within specified time interval.
terrain
A tract or region of the Earth’s surface considered as a physical feature, an ecologic environment, or a site of some planned human activity, e.g., an engineering location; or in terms of military science, as in terrain analysis. Source: http://www.maden.hacettepe.edu.tr/dmmrt/dmmrt1217.html
A tract or region of the Earth’s surface considered as a physical feature, an ecologic environment, or a site of some planned human activity, e.g., an engineering location; or in terms of military science, as in terrain analysis.
Source: http://www.maden.hacettepe.edu.tr/dmmrt/dmmrt1217.html
terrain slope
Relationship between elevation and horizontal distance for a given length of the terrain. Source: http://www.maden.hacettepe.edu.tr/dmmrt/dmmrt1217.html
Relationship between elevation and horizontal distance for a given length of the terrain.
topography
The shape and contour of a surface, especially the land surface or ocean-floor surface, usually characterized by slope, aspect and elevation. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 328
The shape and contour of a surface, especially the land surface or ocean-floor surface, usually characterized by slope, aspect and elevation.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 328
total dissolved nitrogen
The dissolved nitrogen in the water column. Source: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/water_quality/nutrient_load.html
The dissolved nitrogen in the water column.
Source: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/water_quality/nutrient_load.html
total maximum daily loads (TMDL)
The maximum quantity of a particular water pollutant that can be discharged into a body of water without violating a water quality standard. The amount of pollutant is set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 329
The maximum quantity of a particular water pollutant that can be discharged into a body of water without violating a water quality standard. The amount of pollutant is set by the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 329
total nitrogen
Total nitrogen concentration is the total amount of nitrogen in one liter of water. Total nitrogen includes both dissolved nitrogen in the water column and particulate nitrogen contained in algal cells and in organic detritus such as degrading leaves from trees. Source: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/coastalbays/water_quality/nutrient_load.html
Total nitrogen concentration is the total amount of nitrogen in one liter of water. Total nitrogen includes both dissolved nitrogen in the water column and particulate nitrogen contained in algal cells and in organic detritus such as degrading leaves from trees.
total organic carbon (TOC)
A measure of the amount of organic materials suspended or dissolved in water. Source: http://www.cleanwaterpartnership.org/uppertallapoosa/glossary.cfm
A measure of the amount of organic materials suspended or dissolved in water.
Source: http://www.cleanwaterpartnership.org/uppertallapoosa/glossary.cfm
total suspended solids (TSS)
The weight of particles that are suspended in water. Suspended solids in water reduce light penetration in the water column, can clog the gills of fish and invertebrates, and are often associated with toxic contaminants because organics and metals tend to bind to particles. Total suspended solids are differentiated from total dissolved solids by a standardized filtration process, the dissolved portion passing through the filter. Source: http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/BMPs/glossary.html
The weight of particles that are suspended in water. Suspended solids in water reduce light penetration in the water column, can clog the gills of fish and invertebrates, and are often associated with toxic contaminants because organics and metals tend to bind to particles. Total suspended solids are differentiated from total dissolved solids by a standardized filtration process, the dissolved portion passing through the filter.
toxicity
The ability of a chemical substance that has the potential of causing acute or chronic adverse effects in plants, animals, or humans. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 329
The ability of a chemical substance that has the potential of causing acute or chronic adverse effects in plants, animals, or humans.
tributary
The rills, brooks, and streams that flow into a major river. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 256
The rills, brooks, and streams that flow into a major river.
Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 256
turbidity
A measure of the cloudiness (reduced transparency) of water, determined by the amount of light reflected by particulate matter in the water. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 330
A measure of the cloudiness (reduced transparency) of water, determined by the amount of light reflected by particulate matter in the water.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 330
unsaturated conditions
Conditions in soils when infiltration is still possible and media contains both air and water.
unsaturated zone
The zone between the ground surface and the water table that contains both air and water. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 330 A subsurface zone containing water under pressure less than that of the atmosphere, including water held by capillarity; and containing air or gases generally under atmospheric pressure. This zone is limited above by the land surface and below by the surface of the saturated zone, i.e., the water table. Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 692
The zone between the ground surface and the water table that contains both air and water.
A subsurface zone containing water under pressure less than that of the atmosphere, including water held by capillarity; and containing air or gases generally under atmospheric pressure. This zone is limited above by the land surface and below by the surface of the saturated zone, i.e., the water table.
Source: Jackson Julia (Editor), Glossary of Geology, 4th edition, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 1997, page 692
upland
The elevated lands above a floodplain or other low-lying areas. Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 331
The elevated lands above a floodplain or other low-lying areas.
Source: Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 331
upland habitat
The dry habitat along the sides of a river above a flood plain. Source: http://coastgis.marsci.uga.edu/summit/k12upland.htm
The dry habitat along the sides of a river above a flood plain.
Source: http://coastgis.marsci.uga.edu/summit/k12upland.htm
urbanization
Becoming urban, specifically the concentration of population into towns and cities. Associated with this process is the replacement of pervious surfaces with impervious materials such as asphalt and concrete. Source: http://chesapeake.towson.edu/landscape/urbansprawl/glossary.asp
Becoming urban, specifically the concentration of population into towns and cities. Associated with this process is the replacement of pervious surfaces with impervious materials such as asphalt and concrete.
Source: http://chesapeake.towson.edu/landscape/urbansprawl/glossary.asp
vegetated filter strip
Created areas of vegetation designed to remove sediment and other pollutants from surface water runoff by filtration, deposition, infiltration, adsorption, decomposition, and volatilization. An area that maintains soil aeration as opposed to a wetland, which at times exhibits anaerobic soil conditions. Source: Dillaha et al., 1989a, http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter7/ch7-3.html
Created areas of vegetation designed to remove sediment and other pollutants from surface water runoff by filtration, deposition, infiltration, adsorption, decomposition, and volatilization. An area that maintains soil aeration as opposed to a wetland, which at times exhibits anaerobic soil conditions.
Source: Dillaha et al., 1989a, http://www.epa.gov/NPs/MMGI/Chapter7/ch7-3.html
velocity
A vector measurement of the rate and direction of motion. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is speed. Velocity can also be defined as rate of change of displacement or just as the rate of displacement, depending on how the term displacement is used. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time. In the SI (metric) system it is measured in meters per second. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity
A vector measurement of the rate and direction of motion. The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is speed. Velocity can also be defined as rate of change of displacement or just as the rate of displacement, depending on how the term displacement is used. It is thus a vector quantity with dimension length/time. In the SI (metric) system it is measured in meters per second.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity
water cycle
Describes the existence and movement of water on, in, and above the Earth. Earth’s water is always in movement and is always changing states, from liquid to vapor to ice and back again. The water cycle has been working for billions of years and all life on Earth depends on it continuing to work. Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html
Describes the existence and movement of water on, in, and above the Earth. Earth’s water is always in movement and is always changing states, from liquid to vapor to ice and back again. The water cycle has been working for billions of years and all life on Earth depends on it continuing to work.
Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html
watershed
Land area that drains to a common waterway, such as a stream, lake, estuary, wetland, or ultimately the ocean. The land area drained by a river and its tributaries; also called catchment, drainage area, or river basin. Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters”, October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005, http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf; Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 332
Land area that drains to a common waterway, such as a stream, lake, estuary, wetland, or ultimately the ocean. The land area drained by a river and its tributaries; also called catchment, drainage area, or river basin.
Source: “Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters”, October 2005, EPA 841-B-05-005, http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPs/watershed_handbook/pdf/glossary.pdf; Dash Julius (editor in chief), “Water Science and Issues”, Vol. I, 2003, page 332
wetland
An area that is covered by water at least some part of the year. Sufficient moisture is present so that soil is wet a significant period of time every year. Plants, humans, and other animals have adapted special techniques for surviving in the special environmental conditions present in wetlands. Source: Newton David, “Encyclopedia of Water”, 2003, page 362
An area that is covered by water at least some part of the year. Sufficient moisture is present so that soil is wet a significant period of time every year. Plants, humans, and other animals have adapted special techniques for surviving in the special environmental conditions present in wetlands.
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